Vinod Kumar vs State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) 2025 INSC 209 - S 145 Evidence Act - S 161 CrPC - Circumstantial Evidence

Indian Evidence Act 1872 - Section 145 - Code Of Criminal Procedure 1973 - Section 161 - The portion of the prior statement shown to the witness for contradicting the witness must be proved through the investigating officer. Unless the said portion of the prior statement used for contradiction is duly proved, it cannot be reproduced in the deposition of the witnesses. The correct procedure is that the Trial Judge should mark the portions of the prior statements used for contradicting the witness. The said portions can be put in bracket and marked as AA, BB, etc. The marked portions cannot form a part of the deposition unless the same are proved. (Para 11)

Circumstantial Evidence - When the prosecution case is based on circumstantial evidence, the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established. There must be a chain of circumstances so complete as not to leave any ground for any conclusion inconsistent with the innocence of the accused. (Para 10)